编译｜未玖

Nature,1 October 2026, Volume 658, Issue 8134

《自然》，2026年10月1日，第658卷，8134期

材料科学Materials Science

Anomalous metal and superconducting phases in rhombohedral graphene

菱方石墨烯中的反常金属相与超导相

▲ 作者：Anna Okounkova, Abigail Sohm, Tobias Faehndrich, Manish Kumar, Derek Waleffe, Jiaqiang Yan, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-11033-1

▲摘要：

二维超导现已在石墨烯基体系中得到充分证实，诸多相关体系均观测到非传统配对的证据。然而，在本应呈现显著超导特征的若干栅控相中，电阻并不会随降温而消失，而是饱和于某一有限数值。

研究组对二硒化钨（WSe₂）基底上菱方石墨烯中的这种行为开展了系统研究，发现在栅压空间内，既有零电阻超导区域，也有电阻有限饱和的区域。零磁场下，这些区域在栅压空间中呈现为孤立“口袋”；除此之外，它们表现出高度相似的现象学，包括当温度、垂直磁场与电流超过临界值时，会突变为正常态。

施加微弱面内磁场可使这些口袋扩大并相互合并，而不会定性改变其行为；在毫开级基温下，零电阻态与有限电阻态之间形成清晰的分界。该有限电阻态复现了反常金属的关键现象学。异常金属态在超导薄膜中已被观测数十年，但尚无公认的理论解释。

超高纯度菱方石墨烯具备可调性与可重复性，严格约束了各类外源性机制解释，也为理解该物理行为提供了一个全新研究平台。

▲ Abstract：

Two-dimensional superconductivity is now well established in graphene-based systems, with many such realizations showing evidence for unconventional pairing. Yet, in several of the gate-tuned phases that otherwise exhibit clear signatures of superconductivity, the resistance does not vanish as temperature is lowered, instead saturating at a finite value. Here we report a systematic study of this behaviour in rhombohedral graphene on a WSe₂ substrate, finding regions of gate space with zero-resistance superconductivity alongside others with finite saturation resistance. At zero magnetic field, these regions appear as isolated pockets in gate space that otherwise exhibit very similar phenomenology, including abrupt transitions to the normal state as temperature, perpendicular magnetic field and current are raised above critical values. A small in-plane field expands and merges these pockets without qualitatively altering their behaviour, producing a sharp boundary at millikelvin base temperature between states of zero or finite resistance. The finite-resistance state reproduces key phenomenology associated with the anomalous metal, a state that has been observed in thin-film superconductors for decades but lacks an accepted theoretical explanation. The tunability and reproducibility of ultra-clean rhombohedral graphene place strong constraints on extrinsic explanations and provide a new platform for understanding this behaviour.

Stacking-induced direct band gap in CVD-grown 1H MoS₂ bilayers

化学气相沉积制备1H MoS₂双层中堆叠效应诱导的直接带隙

▲ 作者：Tilo H. Yang, I-Tong Chen, Min-Jia Zhang, Ju-Yi Huang, Tzu-Hao Kuo, Shao-Yu Chen, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-11069-3

▲摘要：

双层过渡金属二硫化物相比其单层体系具备更优异的电子特性，例如更高的载流子迁移率与可电切换的极性，使其成为下一代晶体管与滑动铁电器件颇具吸引力的候选材料。然而，其固有的间接带隙严重限制了光发射，阻碍了这类材料在光电子系统中的集成。

研究组报道了通过两步化学气相沉积工艺制备得到具有1H堆叠结构的双层二硫化钼（MoS₂），实现原子级精准的纵向排布。角分辨光电子能谱与密度泛函理论计算证实，该1H型双层材料具有直接带隙。光致发光测试结果显示，该材料激子发射增强，且无间接带隙特征。

此外，在共振与非共振激发条件下，这类双层结构的谷极化强度均高于单层，主要源于顶层材料中谷间散射受到抑制。综上，该研究证明1H MoS₂可作为堆叠工程量子材料的模型体系，并凸显其在谷电子学与光电子学领域中的应用潜力。

▲ Abstract：

Bilayer transition metal dichalcogenides offer superior electronic properties over their monolayer counterparts, such as higher carrier mobility and electrically switchable polarity, positioning them as attractive candidates for next-generation transistors and sliding ferroelectric devices. However, their inherent indirect band gap severely limits light emission, hindering their integration into optoelectronic systems. Here we show bilayer MoS₂ with 1H stacking obtained by a two-step chemical vapour deposition process, yielding atomically precise vertical alignment. The 1H bilayers exhibit a direct band gap, as confirmed by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. Photoluminescence measurements show intensified excitonic emission and the absence of indirect bandgap features. Furthermore, these bilayers exhibit stronger valley polarization than monolayers under both resonant and nonresonant excitation, primarily because of the suppressed intervalley scattering in the top layer. Together, these results establish 1H MoS₂ as a model system for stacking-engineered quantum materials and underscore its potential for valleytronic and optoelectronic applications.

信息科学Information Science

Scalable decision-making for games of imperfect information

不完备信息博弈的可扩展决策

▲ 作者：Samuel Sokota, Eugene Vinitsky, Hengyuan Hu, Zhiyuan Fan, J. Zico Kolter & Gabriele Farina

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-11036-y

▲摘要：

现实场景下的决策通常包含隐藏信息，即某一智能体未知、但另一智能体掌握的信息。遗憾的是，大量隐藏信息的存在，会使得现有强化学习与搜索方法失效。

尽管产业界投入了数百万美元开展研究，但在《西洋陆军棋》这款具备大规模隐藏信息的桌面兵棋中，人工智能（AI）始终无法达到人类顶尖选手水平。

研究组提出Ataraxos，一款用于西洋陆军棋的AI。该模型基于其自研的通用算法，可支持隐藏信息场景下的自对弈强化学习以及测试阶段搜索。Ataraxos以较大优势击败了史上战绩最辉煌的西洋陆军棋人类玩家；据研究组所知，这是该游戏史上首个超越人类水平的AI成绩，且相比以往工作，算力与数据消耗降低多个数量级。

借助同一套技术，研究组还构建了超越人类水平的速攻版西洋陆军棋AI，以及用于《花火》、《斗地主》的顶尖AI，均具备低成本与高样本效率。该方法在对抗类、合作类与团队类博弈任务中均取得成功，为大量隐藏信息条件下的强化学习与搜索提供了一套设计范式，而这正是战略决策领域长期追求的目标。

▲ Abstract：

Real-world decision-making generally involves hidden information, that is, information that is unknown to one agent but possessed by another. Unfortunately, the presence of large amounts of hidden information renders established reinforcement learning and search approaches ineffective. Even with multimillion-dollar industrial research efforts, top-human-level play at Stratego—a board wargame with hidden information on a massive scale—has remained beyond the reach of artificial intelligence (AI). Here we introduce Ataraxos, an AI for Stratego based on general techniques that we developed for both self-play reinforcement learning and test-time search under hidden information. Ataraxos defeated the most decorated human Stratego player of all time by a large margin—achieving, to our knowledge, the first superhuman result in the game’s history—while consuming orders of magnitude less compute and data than previous efforts. Using the same techniques, we built a superhuman AI for Barrage Stratego and state-of-the-art AIs for Hanabi and dou dizhu, all with low cost and high sample efficiency. The success of this approach across adversarial, cooperative and team games establishes a design pattern for reinforcement learning and search that is effective under large amounts of hidden information, a longstanding desideratum of the field of strategic decision-making.

化学Chemistry

Programmable remodelling of carbon–nitrogen connectivity in amines

胺类化合物中C–N连接的可编程重塑

▲ 作者：James D. Robinson, François Richard, Kohl A. Ratkovich, Joseph M. Phelps & Matthew J. Gaunt

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-11009-1

▲摘要：

叔胺是生物活性分子中普遍存在的结构基元，在分子识别与分子功能中发挥核心作用。其中，叔苄胺在发现化学中尤为重要，其易于由丰富的构建模块组装而成，可作为先导化合物生成的起点，兼具良好的理化性质与结合特性。

尽管这类化合物易于合成，但因其核心C–N连接方式基本固定，只能对苄胺衍生物进行多样化，无法直接获得结构迥异的芳基-烷基胺骨架。要想突破这一局限，需要在已充分构建的胺骨架上直接且选择性地重构C–N连接方式。

研究组表明，借助C–N的催化重塑，叔苄胺可由静态骨架转变为可编程分子多样化平台。叔苄胺与双官能亲电试剂发生N-烷基化反应，生成季铵盐中间体，可在钯催化下发生C–N的裂解与重构。

这一概念首先通过叔苄胺的一碳同系物得到验证，更重要的是，其建立了一套通用策略，能够在已充分构建胺骨架的C–N之间，程序化插入各类模块化单元，从单个碳原子到包括烃链、杂环和芳基的复杂分子片段不等。该技术为胺类骨架的可编程多样化开辟了路径，助力系统探索胺分子的键连方式与分子骨架结构。

▲ Abstract：

Tertiary amines are ubiquitous motifs in biologically active molecules, in which they play central parts in molecular recognition and function. Among these, tertiary benzylamines are particularly prominent in discovery chemistry as readily assembled starting points for lead generation from abundant building blocks, with favourable physicochemical and binding properties. However, despite their accessibility, the core C–N connectivity of these frameworks remains effectively locked, confining diversification to benzylamine derivatives and preventing direct access to structurally distinct aryl–alkylamine architectures. Overcoming this limitation requires direct and selective reconfiguration of C–N connectivity within fully elaborated amine scaffolds. Here we show that tertiary benzylamines can be transformed from static scaffolds into programmable platforms for molecular diversification through catalytic remodelling of their C–N bonds. N-alkylation with a bifunctional electrophile generates a quaternary ammonium intermediate that encodes palladium-catalysed disassembly and reconfiguration of C–N connectivity. This concept is first exemplified through one-carbon homologation of tertiary benzylamines and, more significantly, establishes a general strategy for programmable insertion of modular units—ranging from single carbon atoms to complex molecular fragments, including hydrocarbon chains, heterocycles and aryl groups—directly across the C–N bond on fully elaborated amine scaffolds. This ability opens a route to programmable diversification of amine frameworks, enabling systematic exploration of amine connectivity and molecular architecture.

地球科学Earth Science

Agricultural liming is a carbon sink in the Mississippi River Basin

农业施用石灰是密西西比河流域的碳汇

▲ 作者：Tim Jesper Suhrhoff, Christopher T. Reinhard, Yoshiki Kanzaki, Samuel Shou-En Tsao, Beck Woollen, Tom Reershemius, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-11040-2

▲摘要：

向耕地施用碳酸盐矿物，即农业石灰改良，是一项用于缓解土壤酸化的传统措施。尽管石灰改良能够提升作物产量，但该过程也被视作农业二氧化碳（CO₂）排放源。

研究组利用密西西比河流域长达百年尺度的农业石灰施用记录与人为酸输入数据开展研究，结果表明在过去一个世纪中，农业石灰改良起到了净碳汇作用。

河流碱度通量记录显示，1900年以来施加的农用石灰约90%的理论固碳潜力（约0.44 GtCO₂）已在流域尺度上实现；受土壤阳离子交换与溶质输运过程影响，该固碳效应存在十年尺度的时间滞后。

上述结果与土壤阳离子通量的反应性输运模拟结果一致，模型表明：在中和土壤酸性库产生初期排放脉冲之后，体系才会出现净二氧化碳移除效应。现行核算框架隐含采用不完备的反事实情景，将二氧化碳排放归因于石灰施用本身，而非驱动二氧化碳释放的人为酸输入。

若以存在人为酸输入作为反事实基准进行评估，在数十年至百年时间尺度上，密西西比河流域的农业石灰改良表现为净碳汇。该结果表明，优化土壤pH调控可在降低农业温室气体排放的同时，提升作物产量、改善土壤健康。

▲ Abstract：

Application of carbonate minerals to arable lands, known as agricultural liming, is a long-standing practice for counteracting soil acidification. Although liming boosts crop yields, it is also considered a source of agricultural carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. Here we show, using century-scale records of agricultural liming and anthropogenic acidity inputs for the Mississippi River Basin, that agricultural liming has acted as a net carbon sink over the past century. Records of river alkalinity fluxes suggest that approximately 90% of the ideal CO) emissions. Here we show, using century-scale records of agricultural liming and anthropogenic acidity inputs for the Mississippi River Basin, that agricultural liming has acted as a net carbon sink over the past century. Records of river alkalinity fluxes suggest that approximately 90% of the ideal CO₂ removal potential of agricultural lime added since 1900 (approximately 0.44 GtCO₂) has been realized at the catchment scale, with a decadal-scale time lag owing to soil cation exchange and solute transport. These results are consistent with reactive transport modelling of soil cation throughput, which indicates that net CO removal potential of agricultural lime added since 1900 (approximately 0.44 GtCO₂) has been realized at the catchment scale, with a decadal-scale time lag owing to soil cation exchange and solute transport. These results are consistent with reactive transport modelling of soil cation throughput, which indicates that net CO₂ removal emerges after an initial emissions pulse associated with neutralization of soil acidity pools. Current accounting frameworks implicitly apply an incomplete counterfactual, attributing CO₂ emissions to lime addition rather than to the anthropogenic acidity inputs that drive CO₂ release. Evaluated against the counterfactual of anthropogenic acidity inputs, agricultural liming represents a net carbon sink in the Mississippi River Basin on decade-to-century timescales. These results suggest that optimized soil pH management can reduce agricultural greenhouse gas emissions while simultaneously improving crop yields and soil health.

Gravitational torque drives multidecadal variations in length of day

引力力矩驱动日长的多年代际变化

▲ 作者：Huifeng Zhang & Mathieu Dumberry

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10999-2

▲摘要：

日长（LOD）的年代际尺度波动，主要由地幔与地核之间的角动量交换引起。目前学界已提出多种机制解释该角动量交换，包括核幔边界（CMB）处的电磁耦合、地形耦合，以及内核引力矩。然而，核-幔力矩的具体本质尚不明确。

研究组表明，地震重建的内核和由磁场变化引起的内核流的微分旋转表明，多年代际日长变化主要受引力力矩驱动，并受到电磁力矩与地形力矩的阻滞，该结论与类地球发电机模型结果一致。

尽管重建得到的力矩演化史依赖于内核自转和地核流动模型的精度，但该结果支持下地幔底部存在近中性浮力的热化学堆、低黏度的后钙钛矿（pPv）相，以及底部数千米厚的高导电富铁层。研究结果还表明，内核黏度较低，仅需数年即可发生形变，并给出了流体地核顶部分层的上限约束。总而言之，该研究有助于聚焦地球最深处的新兴图景。

▲ Abstract：

Fluctuations in the length of day (LOD) on decadal timescales are caused primarily by an exchange of angular momentum between the Earth’s mantle and core. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain this exchange, including electromagnetic and topographic coupling at the core–mantle boundary (CMB) and a gravitational torque by the inner core. However, the precise nature of the core–mantle torque remains unknown. Here we show that the seismically reconstructed differential rotation of the inner core and core flows derived from magnetic field changes suggest that the multidecadal LOD changes are driven primarily by the gravitational torque and resisted by electromagnetic and topographic torques, consistent with results from Earth-like dynamo models. Our reconstructed torque histories, although tied to the accuracy of the inner core rotation and core flow models, support a lowermost mantle that features near-neutrally buoyant thermochemical piles, a post-perovskite (pPv) phase with a low viscosity and a highly conducting iron-enriched layer a few kilometres thick at its base. Our results also suggest a low-viscosity inner core deforming in only a few years and yield an upper limit on the stratification at the top of the fluid core. Altogether, our study contributes to bringing into focus an emerging picture of the deepest regions of our planet.