近日，德国马克斯·普朗克天体物理研究所Sunmyon Chon团队报道了超大质量黑洞和小红点在模拟中自然形成。2026年9月16日，《自然》杂志发表了这一成果。

超大质量黑洞的起源仍然是天体物理学中一个长期存在的问题。最近的詹姆斯·韦布空间望远镜（JWST）观测揭示，在 z > 4–6 处存在数量出乎意料丰富的过重黑洞，这些黑洞的质量远高于本地标度关系，且当前宇宙学模型无法再现。这类过重黑洞如何在年轻星系中形成并快速生长，一直不清楚。

研究组提出完全宇宙学辐射流体动力学模拟，自洽地追踪原星系团环境中超大质量黑洞的诞生、早期生长和涌现的可观测特征。结果发现，10⁶ M⊙ 量级的重种子会自然形成，超过典型理论预期一个数量级。这些种子迅速形成致密、光学厚的盘，其强烈的电子散射产生宽 Hα 发射，与在小红点中看到的相当。

持续的超爱丁顿吸积随后驱动其快速生长，到 z ? 8 时达到约 3 × 10⁷ M⊙。据研究组所知，这是首次将小红点统一为重种子形成的短寿命、被包裹阶段，这些重种子自然演化为 JWST 探测到的过重类星体，并最终成为当今超大质量黑洞的前身。

附：英文原文

Title: Overmassive black holes and little red dots naturally form in simulations

Author: Chon, Sunmyon, Hirano, Shingo, Ishiyama, Tomoaki, Chang, Seok-Jun, Springel, Volker

Issue&Volume: 2026-09-16

Abstract: The origin of supermassive black holes remains a long-standing problem in astrophysics. Recent James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) observations reveal an unexpectedly abundant population of overmassive black holes at z>4–6, at which the black hole masses lie far above local scaling relations and are not reproduced by present cosmological models1,2,3,4,5. How such overmassive black holes form and rapidly grow within young galaxies has remained unclear. Here we present fully cosmological radiation-hydrodynamic simulations that self-consistently follow the birth, early growth and emergent observable signatures of supermassive black holes in protocluster environments. We find that heavy seeds on the order 106M⊙ naturally form, exceeding typical theoretical expectations by an order of magnitude. These seeds rapidly develop dense, optically thick disks whose strong electron scattering produces broad Hα emission comparable to that seen in little red dots6,7,8,9,10. Sustained super-Eddington accretion then drives fast growth to about 3×107M⊙ by z8. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that unifies little red dots to a short-lived, enshrouded phase of heavy-seed formation, which naturally evolve into the overmassive quasars detected by the JWST and ultimately the progenitors of today’s supermassive black holes.

DOI: 10.1038/s41586-026-10985-8

Source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10985-8