编译|李言

Science, 3 Sep 2026, VOL 393, ISSUE 6815

《科学》2026年9月3日，第393卷，6815期

天文学Astronomy

Helium escaping from the atmosphere of a nearby rocky exoplanet orbiting in a habitable zone

宜居带内邻近岩质系外行星大气中逃逸的氦气

▲ 作者：Collin Cherubim, Shreyas Vissapragada et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aea9708

▲ 摘要：研究者在对受强辐射的气态巨行星的观测中，发现氦从其大气中逃逸的证据。关于岩质行星存在大气的证据有限，这可能是因为其大气已经逃逸。研究者报告了LHS 1140b的近红外光谱观测结果，这是一颗位于邻近低质量恒星宜居带内的岩质系外行星。其凌星光谱显示有氦从行星大气中逃逸的吸收信号。氦吸收在2024年被探测到，但在2025年未被探测到，表明存在随时间变化的大气逃逸。

研究者将这些结果解释为：上层大气以氦为主且氢贫化，其他挥发性物质被困在较低高度，这与大气分馏模型一致。在同一系统中，较小且受辐射更强的行星LHS 1140c未检测到氦吸收。

▲ Abstract：Observations of highly irradiated gas giant exoplanets have shown helium escaping from their atmospheres. There is limited evidence for atmospheres on rocky exoplanets, perhaps because they have already escaped. We report near-infrared spectroscopic observations of LHS 1140b, a rocky exoplanet that orbits in the habitable zone of a nearby low-mass star. The transit spectra show absorption by helium escaping from the planet’s atmosphere. Helium absorption is detected in 2024 but not in 2025, indicating time-variable atmospheric escape. We interpret these results as indicating an upper atmosphere dominated by helium and depleted in hydrogen, with other volatile species trapped at lower altitudes, which is consistent with atmospheric fractionation models. No helium absorption is detected for LHS 1140c, a smaller and more strongly irradiated exoplanet in the same system.

材料科学Materials Science

Monomer-biased manufacture of industrial-scale colloidal photonic films

基于单体偏置策略的工业级胶体光子薄膜制造

▲ 作者：Huateng Li, Junying Yang et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aed8723

▲摘要：自然界中复杂功能源于简单构筑单元的有序组装。然而，由于高能垒和有限的组装控制，在快速环境条件下将胶体聚集体转化为工业级光子晶体仍具挑战。研究者将普通单体作为介体降低了这些能垒，并在数秒内偏置了环境剪切诱导的有序化。

这使得该原位加工工艺能够与卷对卷制造兼容，用于生产力学性能可调的胶体光子晶体薄膜。结合超分子基质的15微米厚、坚固的薄膜，可生产长达4000米、宽达1.3米、速率达25米/分钟的规模。这些薄膜兼具鲜艳的结构色和高透明度（>90%），同时具备力学鲁棒性和快速自愈合能力，展示了高质量胶体光子材料的一条可规模化路径。

▲ Abstract：Complex functions in nature arise from the ordered assembly of simple building blocks. Transformation of colloidal aggregates into industrial-scale photonic crystals under rapid ambient conditions remains challenging owing to high energy barriers and limited assembly control. In this study, common monomers act as mediators that lower these barriers and bias ambient shear-induced ordering within seconds. This enables in situ processing compatible with roll-to-roll manufacturing of colloidal photonic crystal films with tunable mechanical properties. Robust 15-micrometer-thick films, incorporating a supramolecular matrix, can be produced up to 4000 meters long and 1.3 meters wide at a rate of 25 meters per minute. These combine vivid structural color and high transparency (>90%) with mechanical robustness and rapid self-healing, demonstrating a scalable route to high-quality colloidal photonic materials. 

地球科学Earth Science

Rising plant extinction rates on European mountain summits

欧洲山峰植物灭绝速率上升

▲ 作者：Johannes Wessely, Kry?tof Chytry et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aed2974

▲摘要：气候变化提高了高寒生态系统的植物物种丰富度。然而，这种多样性增加在多大程度上掩盖了本地物种的灭绝动态仍不清楚。研究者利用来自欧洲62座山峰896个永久植被样地的植被重调查数据，显示过去21年来局部灭绝事件有所增加。灭绝速率随变暖幅度增大而上升，物种在其海拔分布范围的下缘以及经历更强喜暖性转变的群落中更易灭绝。

此外，局部灭绝与先前丰度下降显著相关，后者可作为早期预警信号。这些发现表明，尽管植物物种丰富度在增加，林线以上的植物群落正面临加速但却被忽视的、最具特征物种的丧失。

▲ Abstract：Climate change increases plant species richness in alpine ecosystems. However, to what extent this diversity enrichment masks extinction dynamics of resident species remains elusive. In this study, we used floristic resurvey data from 896 permanent vegetation plots across 62 European mountain summits to show that local extinctions have increased over the past 21 years. Extinction rates rose with the magnitude of warming, and species were more likely to go extinct toward their low-elevation range margins and in communities undergoing stronger thermophilization. Moreover, local extinctions were significantly related to preceding abundance declines, which can serve as an early warning signal. These findings suggest that despite increasing plant species richness, plant assemblages above the treeline face an accelerating but so far neglected loss of their most characteristic species.

生物学Biology

Programmable design of synthetic plant immune receptors for pathogen protein recognition

病原体蛋白识别合成植物免疫受体的可编程设计

▲ 作者：Haocheng Zhu, Dandan Jiang et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aee1792

▲摘要：天然植物免疫受体的多样性和识别范围有限，这阻碍了针对快速演化病原体的抗性育种。在此，研究者报道了合成植物免疫受体的可编程设计。针对病原体蛋白的从头设计结合模块被嫁接至植物免疫受体的整合诱饵结构域中。这些合成植物免疫受体能够识别源自病毒、细菌、真菌和卵菌病原体的蛋白。

通过将人工智能引导的蛋白设计与植物体内定向进化相结合，其性能得到提升，增强了免疫激活并减少了自发激活。这些合成受体表现出高靶标特异性，并可堆叠用于病原体蛋白的多重识别。靶向病毒的合成受体能够响应植物病毒的侵染性克隆，表达这些受体的转基因植物表现出抗病性。这项研究为植物免疫的高效工程化提供了一个通用平台。

▲ Abstract：The limited diversity and recognition scope of natural plant immune receptors impede resistance breeding against rapidly evolving pathogens. Here, we report the programmable design of synthetic plant immune receptors (SPIRs). De novo–designed binding modules targeting pathogen proteins were grafted into the integrated decoy domain of a plant immune receptor. SPIRs recognized proteins derived from viral, bacterial, fungal, and oomycete pathogens. Their performance was improved by combining artificial intelligence–guided protein design with in planta–directed evolution, enhancing immune activation while reducing autoactivation. The SPIRs exhibited high target specificity and could be stacked for multiplexed recognition of pathogen proteins. Viral-targeting SPIRs responded to infectious clones of plant viruses, and transgenic plants expressing SPIRs conferred disease resistance. This work establishes a versatile platform for the efficient engineering of plant immunity.

Spatially resolved single-cell atlas reveals the macroevolutionary trajectory of animal hearts

空间分辨单细胞图谱揭示动物心脏的宏观进化轨迹

▲ 作者：Shanshan Lian, Wei Wang, Yaoxin Liu et al. 

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adw0855

▲摘要：动物心脏在适应性演化中展现出多样的解剖结构。研究者展示了来自脊索动物、节肢动物和软体动物中27个物种成年心脏的多组学图谱。联合分析表明，两侧对称动物心脏共享一套核心基因库，并采用逐步“添加”的方式作为普遍的演化策略。原心脏由关键细胞类型组成，包括心肌细胞、成纤维细胞、内皮细胞和神经细胞，这些细胞在保持核心特征的同时，随着生活环境的变化和心血管系统的相应适应而发生演化。

此外，研究者揭示了一种演化保守的心肌细胞状态动态，该动态可能与心脏发育和应激反应相关。最后，我们识别出一个共同的分子程序，支撑了以心室为基础的心腔演化。该工作为理解心脏演化的内在机制建立了一个资源平台。

▲ Abstract：Animal hearts display diverse anatomical structures during adaptive evolution. Here, we present a multiomics atlas of adult hearts from 27 species across chordates, arthropods, and mollusks. Joint analysis indicates that Bilateria hearts share a core gene repertoire, taking a stepwise “add-on” approach as a universal evolutionary strategy. The “proto-heart” is populated by key cell types, including cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and neural cells, which maintained core signatures while evolving with shifts in living environments and corresponding adaptations in the cardiovascular system. Additionally, we reveal an evolutionarily conserved cardiomyocyte state dynamic potentially linked to cardiac development and stress responses. Finally, we identify a common molecular program underpinning chamber evolution from a ventricular foundation. This work establishes a resource for understanding the intrinsic mechanisms of heart evolution.

医学Medicine

Thalamic NRXN1-mediated input to human cortical progenitors drives excitatory neurogenesis

丘脑NRXN1介导的输入驱动人类皮层祖细胞的兴奋性神经发生

▲ 作者：Claudia V. Nguyen, Antoni Martija et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ady5180

▲ 摘要：人类大脑皮层的发育依赖于皮层内部以及包括丘脑在内的其他脑区之间的协调信号。然而，丘脑神经元投射如何影响人类早期皮层发育仍不甚明了。研究者通过融合皮层和丘脑类器官，探究了丘脑输入如何塑造人类皮层细胞的成熟。利用单核RNA测序和细胞成像，他们发现丘脑输入增加了皮层兴奋性神经元的产生。

研究者鉴定出neurexin-1（NRXN1）是丘脑轴突与皮层外层放射状胶质细胞之间物理接触的介导因子。敲除丘脑NRXN1基因减少了这些接触，并削弱了上层兴奋性神经元的产生。这些发现揭示了丘脑输入调控人类皮层祖细胞并在发育过程中塑造兴奋性神经元产生的一种机制。

▲ Abstract：The human cerebral cortex develops through coordinated signals from within the cortex and from other brain regions, including the thalamus. However, how thalamic neuronal projections influence early human cortical development remains less well-understood. In this study, we fused cortical and thalamic organoids to investigate how thalamic input shapes the maturation of human cortical cells. Using single-nuclei RNA-sequencing and cellular imaging, we found that thalamic input increases the production of cortical excitatory neurons. We identify neurexin-1 (NRXN1) as a mediator of physical contact between thalamic axons and cortical outer radial glia. Genetic knockout of thalamic NRXN1 reduced these contacts and attenuated the production of upper-layer excitatory neurons. These findings reveal a mechanism by which thalamic input regulates human cortical progenitors and shapes excitatory neuron production during development.