Science, 23 Jul 2026, VOL 393, ISSUE 6809

《科学》2026年7月23日，第393卷，6809期

化学Chemistry

Spatially resolving the cone of reaction for a single molecule

单分子反应锥的空间分辨

▲ 作者：Matthew James Timm, Adam Matěj et al.

▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aec7913

▲摘要：原子和分子的碰撞是化学键形成的必要条件，因而对任何化学反应都至关重要。反应结果由反应物的碰撞能量、相对取向和碰撞参数决定。气相碰撞研究表明，能量易于控制，但分子取向的调控极为困难，而碰撞参数的操控则完全不可能。

在这项研究中，研究者研究了单个分子在表面的碰撞过程，通过扫描隧道显微镜在碰撞前后对每个参与的化合物进行成像，从而实现对取向和碰撞参数的精确控制。研究者观察到，分子必须在狭窄的反应锥内碰撞，而表面原子的位移甚至可以促使不利反应路径发生。

▲ Abstract：Collisions of atoms and molecules are required for bond formation and are thus key to any chemical reaction. Their outcome is determined by the collision energy, relative orientation, and impact parameter of the reactants. Collision studies in the gas phase have shown that energies are easily controlled, whereas it is difficult to steer the molecular orientations and completely impossible to control the impact parameter. Here, we study the collision of individual molecules at a surface where each involved compound is imaged before and after collision by scanning tunneling microscopy, allowing precise control of orientations and impact parameter. We observe that the molecules must collide in a narrow cone of reaction and that surface atom displacements can enable a reaction even for disfavored pathways.

生物学Biology

The global biogeography of passerine songs

雀形目鸟鸣的全球生物地理学

▲ 作者：Quentin Bacquelé, Jean-Yves Barnagaudet al.

▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aee6239

▲摘要：尽管鸟鸣是理解声音交流演化的经典模型，但其全球多样性长期以来使构建统一框架面临挑战。通过分析全球超过3000种雀形目鸟类鸣声的声学结构，研究者表明这一声学空间可围绕八种基本基序构建。

这些基序的差异化使用受物种生物性状（社会组织、形态和交配系统）与声音传播物理特性共同驱动。在热带雨林中，环境对传播效率的过滤有利于结构简单的基序，如平直哨音。相反，在温带地区，高种群密度促进了近距离交流，而短暂的繁殖季节加剧了性选择，使得平衡向复杂、信息丰富的基序倾斜，如超快速颤音，尽管这类基序易受声学衰减的影响。

最终，鸟鸣的全球地理格局反映了物理环境约束与复杂交流生物驱动力之间在空间上变化的平衡。

▲ Abstract：Although bird songs are classic models for understanding the evolution of vocal communication, their global diversity has long made the development of a unifying framework challenging. By analyzing the acoustic architecture of songs from more than 3000 passerine species worldwide, we show that this acoustic space can be structured around eight elemental motifs. The differential use of these motifs is driven by a combination of species’ biological traits (social organization, morphology, and mating system) and the physics of sound propagation. In tropical rainforests, environmental filtering for transmission efficiency favors structurally simple motifs, such as flat whistles. Conversely, in temperate regions, where high population densities facilitate close-range communication and short breeding seasons intensify sexual selection, the balance shifts toward complex, information-rich motifs, such as ultrafast trills, despite their susceptibility to acoustic degradation. Ultimately, the global geography of birdsong reflects a spatially varying equilibrium between physical environmental constraints and the biological drive for complex communication.

Crush-resistant air sacs allow insect larvae to exploit aquatic habitats at extreme depth

抗压气囊使昆虫幼虫能够利用极端深度的水生栖息地

▲ 作者：Evan K. G. McKenzie, Maxon J. R. Ngochera et al.

▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aed0667

▲摘要：远洋海洋栖息地缺乏水生昆虫的原因，曾被归因于其充气气管呼吸系统——在昼夜垂直迁移以躲避捕食性鱼类时，该系统可能在深水处发生内爆。然而，研究者发现马拉维湖的湖蝇水生幼虫已将其气管系统改造为强化型的浮力调节充气囊，使其能够通过在白天迁移至湖中深达200米以上的缺氧深水层，来躲避捕食性鱼类。

这些气囊的抗压深度随龄期增加而提高，末龄幼虫可抵抗超过半公里深度的内爆。与预期相反，这些昆虫适应了深水栖息地的极端静水压力，使其能够与远洋鱼类共存。

▲ Abstract：The absence of aquatic insects from pelagic marine habitats has been attributed to their air-filled tracheal respiratory system, which could implode at depth while undertaking diel vertical migrations to escape predatory fish. However, we found that the aquatic larvae of the lake fly Chaoborus edulis in Lake Malawi have modified their tracheal system into reinforced buoyancy-regulating air-filled sacs, allowing them to escape predatory fish by undertaking these migrations well over 200 meters deep into the lake’s anoxic hypolimnion during the day. The crush depth of their air sacs increases with each instar, with final instars resisting implosion at depths greater than half a kilometer. Contrary to expectations, these insects adapt to the extreme hydrostatic pressures of deep-water habitats, allowing them to coexist with pelagic fish.

天文学Astronomy

Constraining an exoplanet’s magnetic field using star-planet interactions

利用恒星—行星相互作用约束系外行星的磁场

▲ 作者：D. Revilla, P. J. Amado et al.

▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adv3075

▲摘要：理论预测，若一颗行星具有足够强的磁场并近距离绕其宿主恒星运行，则可能引发恒星—行星磁相互作用。这种相互作用有可能以与行星轨道周期同步的光学或射电恒星活动信号的形式被观测到。

研究者分析了GJ 436长达18年的高分辨率光学光谱数据——GJ 436是一颗低质量恒星，其周围有一颗海王星大小的系外行星沿极向偏心轨道运行。恒星活动指标显示，在与该系外行星轨道对应的周期上存在增强信号，该信号受恒星自转和恒星8年磁周期调制。

研究者将此解释为恒星—行星磁相互作用的信号。通过几何模型，研究者重现了这些周期，条件是GJ 436 b的磁场强度为6至110高斯。

▲ Abstract：Theory predicts that a planet with a sufficiently strong magnetic field orbiting close to its host star could induce star-planet magnetic interactions. This is potentially observable as an optical or radio stellar activity signal synchronized with the planet’s orbital period. We analyzed 18 years of high-resolution optical spectroscopy of GJ 436, a low-mass star orbited by a Neptune-sized exoplanet on a polar eccentric orbit. Stellar activity indicators show enhancements at a period corresponding to the exoplanet orbit, modulated by stellar rotation, and the star’s 8-year magnetic cycle. We interpret this as a signal of star-planet magnetic interaction. Using a geometric model, we reproduced these periods if GJ 436 b has a magnetic field strength of 6 to 110 gauss.

生态学Ecology

Invasive species’ environmental impacts are more severe in the Global South

外来入侵物种在全球南方造成的环境影响更为严重

▲ 作者：外来入侵物种在全球南方造成的环境影响更为严重

▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aed0603

▲摘要：外来入侵物种是生物多样性的主要威胁，但其影响分布仍鲜为人知。全球生物多样性评估表明，影响最严重的是全球北方的发达国家，但这仅根据入侵物种数量推断而来，反映了研究偏差。

利用一个新的标准化影响度量全球数据库，研究者计算了各国的平均影响严重程度，发现尽管全球北方的报告数量是南方的两倍以上，全球南方的严重程度却更高。

薄弱的治理和有限的管理能力是影响严重程度的主要驱动因素。经济快速增长但治理薄弱的新兴经济体尤为脆弱。未能认识到全球南方承受着最严重的外来入侵物种影响，会将注意力从最受威胁的区域转移开。

▲ Abstract：Invasive alien species (IAS) are a major threat to biodiversity, yet their impact distribution remains poorly understood. Global biodiversity assessments suggest the highest impacts in wealthy countries of the Global North, but this is only inferred from IAS numbers, reflecting research bias. Using a new global database of standardized impact measures, we calculated average impact severity per country and found that it is higher in the Global South despite more than twice as many reports in the Global North. Weak governance and limited management capacity are the main drivers of high impact severity. Emerging economies with rapid economic growth but poor governance are particularly vulnerable. Failure to recognize the Global South as facing the highest IAS impacts diverts attention away from the most threatened regions.

人类学Anthropology

The rise and fall of language diversity through the Holocene

全新世语言多样性的兴衰

▲ 作者：D. E. Blasi, M. J. Hamilton et al.

▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adx4343

▲摘要：刻画塑造语言多样性的因素，对于理解人类历史、文化与认知至关重要。在这项研究中，研究者结合了统计与社会计算模型、民族志数据和古人口统计学推断，模拟了全球语言多样性的演变轨迹。在动植物驯化开始之前，语言数量（4500至6000种）少于今天（7500种）。随后全球人口的增长推动了语言多样性的增加。

研究者揭示了一个语言“黄金时代”，即在3000至1000年前，曾存在数万种语言。语言多样性的巨大丧失并非始于近代殖民扩张，而是随着多民族帝国的首次扩张及其语言、病原体和文化的传播而发生。因此，灭绝在塑造语言和文化多样性方面所起的作用，可能比此前认为的要大得多。

▲ Abstract：Characterizing the factors that have shaped linguistic diversity is fundamental for understanding human history, culture, and cognition. In this study, we combined statistical and social computational modeling, ethnographic data, and paleodemographic inference to model trajectories of global linguistic diversity. Before the onset of plant and animal domestication, the number of languages was smaller than it is today (4500 to 6000 compared with 7500). Subsequent increases in global population precipitated increased linguistic diversity. We uncovered a linguistic “golden age” with tens of thousands of languages 3000 to 1000 years ago. Great loss of linguistic diversity did not begin with recent colonial expansion but as multinational empires first spread along with their languages, pathogens, and cultures. Thus, extinction has likely played a much greater role in shaping linguistic and cultural diversity than previously thought.