Nature, 9 July 2026, Volume 655, Issue 8122

《自然》2026年7月9日，第655卷，8122期

天文学Astronomy

LARES-2 satellite measures frame-dragging effect around the EarthLARES-2

卫星测量地球周围的参考系拖曳效应

▲ 作者：Ignazio Ciufolini, Antonio Paolozzi, Erricos C. Pavlis, John C. Ries, Claudio Paris, Emiliano Ortore, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10715-0

▲摘要：激光测距在弱场区域提供了一些最精确的引力检验，能够以地球为实验室，对爱因斯坦广义相对论进行实验探索。广义相对论的一项核心试验是参考系拖曳的幅度，即旋转质量对时空的拖曳效应。

研究组表明，由于优化的轨道、极低的面质比和高度均匀的后向反射器分布，近期发射的激光相对论卫星2号（LARES-2）结合了其前身LAGEOS卫星及GRACE卫星，能够以千分之一水平的相对不确定度测量地球参考系拖曳，比此前太阳系测定结果提高了一个数量级。

该结果为近地环境下的广义相对论提供了严格的验证，并对预测参考系拖曳存在特定偏差的替代引力模型（包括Chern-Simons引力等标量—张量扩展理论）施加了强有力的约束。除基础物理学检验外，LARES-2与LAGEOS的联合分析还改进了地球日月潮汐的测定，这展示了高精度相对论卫星实验在更广泛地球物理学领域的影响。

▲ Abstract：Laser-ranging provides some of the most precise tests of gravity in the weak-field regime, enabling experimental probes of Einstein’s general theory of relativity using the Earth as a laboratory. A central test of general relativity is the amplitude of frame-dragging, that is, the dragging of spacetime by a rotating mass. Owing to its optimized orbit, a very low surface-to-mass ratio and a highly uniform retroreflector distribution, we show that the recently launched Laser Relativity Satellite 2 (LARES-2)—together with its predecessor LAGEOS and the GRACE satellites—enables a measurement of terrestrial frame-dragging with a relative uncertainty at the one-part-in-a-thousand level, representing an order-of-magnitude improvement over previous Solar System determinations. This result provides a stringent confirmation of general relativity in the near-Earth environment and places strong constraints on alternative gravitational models that predict deviations specifically in frame-dragging, including scalar–tensor extensions such as Chern–Simons gravity. Beyond tests of fundamental physics, the combined analysis of LARES-2 and LAGEOS also improves the determination of Earth’s lunisolar tides, illustrating the broader geophysical impact of high-precision relativistic satellite experiments.

物理学Physics

Backreaction of stimulated Hawking radiation in an optical analogue

光学模拟中受激霍金辐射的反作用

▲ 作者：Lorenzo M. Procopio, Raul Aguero-Santacruz, David Bermudez & Ulf Leonhardt

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10720-3

▲摘要：霍金辐射是黑洞事件视界处量子粒子的发射，其将引力与量子力学和热力学联系在一起。然而，人们在天文学观测中从未发现过霍金辐射，仅在实验室模拟系统中观测到，在太空中实际观测到的可能性微乎其微。霍金辐射的能量必然来自黑洞周围的引力场，但场量子如何产生霍金量子一直悬而未决。

研究组报道了在事件视界的光纤模拟系统中产生霍金辐射的实验与理论证据。在该系统中（与引力场类似），此前人们认为霍金辐射源于复杂级联过程；而研究组在理论上确定了一个简单直接的过程，并在实验中观测到该过程对引力场的反作用。

该研究结果表明，其他实验室模拟系统也可能存在类似的直接过程，甚至引力场本身或许亦是如此，这为理解黑洞如何辐射提供了新的线索。

▲ Abstract：Hawking radiation—the emission of quantum particles at the event horizon of a black hole—connects gravity with quantum mechanics and thermodynamics. But Hawking radiation has never been observed in astronomy, only in laboratory analogues, and the chances of ever observing it in space are astronomically small. The energy of Hawking radiation must come from the gravitational field around the black hole, but how field quanta generate Hawking quanta has been unknown. Here we report on experimental and theoretical evidence for the process that generates Hawking radiation in a fibre-optical analogue of the event horizon. There, as in gravit, it has been believed that Hawking radiation comes from a complicated, cascaded process; here we have identified theoretically a simple, direct process and observed experimentally how this process reacts back onto the field. Our findings suggest an equally direct process for other laboratory analogues and perhaps also for gravitational fields, shedding light on how black holes might radiate.

材料科学Materials Science

Directly probing the carrier transfer length in 2D-material transistors

直接探测二维材料晶体管中的载流子传输长度

▲ 作者：Zi-Liang Yang, Bo-Chao Huang, Yu-Kuan Lin, Yan-Ruei Lin, Hung-Chang Hsu, Hao-Yu Chen, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10707-0

▲摘要：基于二维（2D）材料的晶体管已被纳入1纳米以下逻辑技术节点的路线图之中。这得益于其超薄厚度和无缺陷表面，能够实现卓越的静电栅控能力。

对于高级节点器件而言，2D晶体管的物理沟道长度最终可能达到10纳米以下。然而，由于缺乏直接探测接触区域内载流子注入区的技术手段，对金属接触同样重要的缩放极限至今仍不明确。

研究组利用截面扫描隧道显微镜，直接测量了铋接触单层MoS₂晶体管接触区的载流子传输长度，约为2.0纳米。该方法可确定接触缩放的限制条件，为未来超缩微电子器件的开发提供了参考信息。

▲ Abstract：Transistors based on two-dimensional (2D) materials are on the roadmap for the beyond 1?nm logic technology node. This stems from their ultrathin thickness and defect-free surfaces, granting remarkable electrostatic gate control The physical channel length of 2D transistors may eventually reach <10?nm for advanced node devices. However, the equally important scaling limit for metal contacts remains unknown because of the lack of technology to directly probe the carrier injection region in contact areas. Here we use cross-sectional scanning tunnelling microscopy to directly measure the carrier transfer length as approximately 2.0?nm at the contact region of a bismuth-contacted monolayer MoS₂ transistor. This approach allows contact scaling constraints to be determined, providing information for the development of future ultra-scaled electronic devices.

Tin perovskite transistors stabilized through volatile coordination

挥发配位稳定的锡钙钛矿晶体管

▲ 作者：Geonwoong Park, Dong Hyeon Lee, Youjin Reo, Wonryeol Yang, Soohwan Yoo, Wantae Park, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10714-1

▲ 摘要：卤化锡（Sn₂₊）钙钛矿因其可调的带隙和良好的电荷传输特性，有望成为光电器件和电子器件中无铅半导体的候选材料。然而，其实用化受到欠配位Sn2+位点本征氧化还原不稳定性的根本限制，这会导致不可控的自发p型掺杂和快速氧化降解。

研究组提出了一种挥发性辅助配位策略，通过瞬态乙酸根配位与挥发过程对钙钛矿表面进行重构，将反应性的SnI₂终端表面转变为化学平衡且缺陷缓解的界面。该表面重构抑制了与欠配位Sn相关的陷阱态，并稳定了局域化学计量比，从而实现了具有稳健输运特性、近零阈值电压和超过10⁸高开/关比的p型晶体管。

更重要的是，重构后的界面可作为自钝化和热稳定屏障，显著提高了环境稳定性，器件在100℃下可稳定运行超过1个月。这些结果确立了挥发性辅助表面重构可作为一种亚稳态半导体缺陷平衡的有效方法，并为实现Sn₂₊基材料的耐用、器件级功能提供了通用策略。

▲ Abstract：Tin (Sn²⁺) halide perovskites are promising lead-free semiconductors for optoelectronic and electronic devices, owing to their tunable bandgaps and favourable charge transport. However, their practical implementation is fundamentally limited by an intrinsic redox instability at undercoordinated Sn²⁺ sites, which drives uncontrolled self-p-doping and rapid oxidative degradation. Here we introduce a volatile-assisted coordination strategy that reconstructs the perovskite surface through transient acetate coordination and volatilization, which transforms reactive SnI2-terminated surfaces into chemically equilibrated and defect-mitigated interfaces. This surface reconstruction suppresses undercoordinated Sn-related trap states and stabilizes the local stoichiometry, thus enabling p-type transistors with robust transport characteristics, a near-zero threshold voltage and high on/off ratios exceeding 10⁸. More importantly, the reconstructed interface acts as a self-passivating and thermally resilient barrier, resulting in markedly enhanced environmental stability, with devices maintaining stable operation for over 1?month at 100?°C. These results establish volatile-assisted surface reconstruction as an effective method for defect equilibration in metastable semiconductors, and they provide a general strategy for enabling durable, device-grade functionality in Sn²⁺-based materials.

化学Chemistry

Revealing competitive interfacial reactions in high-energy Li–S batteries

揭示高能锂硫电池中的竞争性界面反应

▲ 作者：Shiyuan Zhou, Fei Pei, Qizheng Zheng, Gen Li, Hongyuan Yi, Linzhi Chen, et al.

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09473-2

▲ 摘要：固液界面处的电荷转移在各种储能系统中起着关键作用，尤其是在反应物浓度动态变化的情况下。然而，解析这些复杂的反应路径仍颇具挑战，特别是在锂硫（Li-S）电池中。要实现高能量密度，需要高效转化高浓度的多硫化锂（LiPSs）。但贫电解液条件下硫化锂（Li₂S）沉积与溶解的调控机制目前尚不清晰。

研究组利用原位液体单元电子显微镜，直接观察了电极—电解质界面处由浓度驱动的相分离现象。在这些高浓度界面层（HCILs）中，表面路径与溶液路径之间的竞争决定了电荷转移动力学，并最终调控Li₂S在不同相界面的沉积行为。密度泛函理论（DFT）计算表明，LiPSs的聚集改变了分子几何构型、电子性质和轨道杂化，共同促进了通过高浓度LiPSs簇的电荷转移。

基于这些认识，研究组设计了平衡界面反应路径的优化电极，实现了快速充电（4?C，26.8?mA?cm^-2）和超过400?Wh?kg^-1的高能量密度。这些发现为实际工况条件下的界面反应提供了机制层面的理解，并为推进锂硫电池发展提供了设计策略。

▲ Abstract：Charge transfer at solid–liquid interfaces plays a critical role in various energy-storage systems, particularly under dynamically varying reactant concentrations. Deciphering these intricate reaction pathways remains a substantial challenge, notably in lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries, in which achieving high energy density requires efficient conversion of highly concentrated lithium polysulfides (LiPSs). However, the mechanisms governing lithium sulfide (Li₂S) deposition and dissolution under lean electrolyte conditions remain poorly understood. Here, using in situ liquid-cell electron microscopy, we directly visualize concentration-driven phase segregation at the electrode–electrolyte interface. Within these high-concentration interfacial layers (HCILs), competitive surface and solution dictate the charge-transfer dynamics and ultimately govern Li₂S deposition at different phase boundaries. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the aggregation of LiPSs alters molecular geometry, electronic properties and orbital hybridization, collectively facilitating charge transfer through highly concentrated LiPSs clusters. Guided by these insights, we design optimized electrodes that balance interfacial reaction pathways, enabling fast charging (4?C, 26.8?mA?cm^?2) and achieving high energy densities exceeding 400?Wh?kg^?1. These findings provide mechanistic understanding of interfacial reactions under practical working conditions and offer a design strategy to advance Li–S batteries.

地球科学Earth Science

Hadean bridgmanite in the source of a present-day ocean island

现今洋岛源区中的冥古宙布里奇曼石

▲ 作者：Claudine Israel, Catherine Chauvel, Edward Inglis, Hui Chen, Cécile Hébert & James Badro 

▲链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10719-w

▲摘要：约束地球内部的复杂动力学，需要融合地球化学、地球物理学和地球动力学等多个学科的研究成果。地震学和地球动力学研究为地幔结构的现状提供了认识，而地球化学方法则描述了地幔的化学和同位素异质性，揭示了其演化的复杂性。其中一个关键挑战是确定这些化学异质性的持续时间和起源。

研究组展示了现今火山活动中新型高精度Nd同位素测量结果，识别出可追溯至地球最早历史时期的异质特征。在科摩罗群岛Fani Maoré海底火山的熔岩中报告了142Nd的显著正异常。要解释这些异常，就意味着地幔中必须长期保留一类轻稀土元素（REE）亏损的物质，且该物质形成于地球诞生后的最初1亿年之内。

研究组认为，这种物质主要由早期地球岩浆海洋结晶形成的布里奇曼石组成。这一冥古宙布里奇曼石在现代地幔中的分布可能比先前预期的更为广泛，这引发人们产生了一个新的疑问，其在数十亿年板块构造和强烈地幔对流中是如何保存下来的？

▲ Abstract：Constraining the complex dynamics of the inner Earth unites research efforts across several scientific disciplines, including geochemistry, geophysics and geodynamics. Seismological and geodynamic studies offer insights into the present state of the mantle structure, whereas geochemical approaches characterize its chemical and isotopic heterogeneities, shedding light on the complexity of its evolution. One key challenge is determining the age and origin of its chemical heterogeneities. Here we present new high-precision Nd isotopic measurements in present-day volcanism that identify heterogeneities dating back to the Earth’s earliest history. We report significantly positive 142Nd anomalies in lavas from the submarine Fani Maoré volcano in the Comoros archipelago. These anomalies require the preservation, in the mantle, of material depleted in light rare-earth elements (REE) and formed within the first 100?million years (Myr) of Earth’s history. We suggest that this material is mainly composed of bridgmanite that crystallized from an early Earth magma ocean. This Hadean bridgmanite may be more widespread in the present-day mantle than previously expected, raising new questions about its survival over billions of years of plate tectonics and vigorous mantle convection.